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elementary mistake

  • 1 elementary

    adjective
    elementar; grundlegend [Fakten, Wissen]; schlicht [Fabel, Stil]; Grundschul[lehrer, -bildung]; Grund[stufe, -kurs, -ausbildung, -rechnen, -kenntnisse]; Ausgangs[text, -thema]; Anfangs[stadium]

    course in elementary German — Grundkurs in Deutsch

    * * *
    [-'men-]
    adjective (very simple; not advanced: elementary mathematics.) grundlegend
    * * *
    el·emen·ta·ry
    [ˌelɪˈmentəri, AM -əˈment̬ɚi]
    adj elementar, grundlegend
    they failed to take \elementary precautions sie haben nicht einmal die einfachsten Vorsichtsmaßnahmen getroffen
    \elementary course Grundkurs m
    \elementary mathematics die Grundlagen der Mathematik
    \elementary mistake grober Fehler
    \elementary science elementare Naturwissenschaften pl
    \elementary education AM Elementarunterricht m
    * * *
    ["elI'mentərI]
    adj
    1) (= simple) rules einfach, elementar; (= basic) idea, fact, precautions grundlegend

    elementary mistake — Grundfehler m, grober Fehler

    elementary, my dear Watson — elementar, lieber Watson

    2) (pej: rudimentary) primitiv
    3) (SCH) level elementar

    elementary skills/knowledge — Grundkenntnisse pl

    elementary reading and writing — Grundkenntnisse pl im Lesen und Schreiben

    * * *
    elementary [ˌelıˈmentərı] adj (adv elementarily)
    1. → academic.ru/23752/elemental">elemental A 1, A 2
    2. elementar, Elementar…, Einführungs…, Anfangs…, einführend, grundlegend
    3. elementar, einfach
    4. CHEM elementar, unvermischt, nicht zerlegbar
    5. CHEM, MATH, PHYS Elementar…:
    elementary particle Elementarteilchen n
    6. unentwickelt, rudimentär
    elem. abk
    2. element ( elements pl)
    * * *
    adjective
    elementar; grundlegend [Fakten, Wissen]; schlicht [Fabel, Stil]; Grundschul[lehrer, -bildung]; Grund[stufe, -kurs, -ausbildung, -rechnen, -kenntnisse]; Ausgangs[text, -thema]; Anfangs[stadium]
    * * *
    adj.
    elementar adj.

    English-german dictionary > elementary

  • 2 elementary

    el·emen·ta·ry [ˌelɪʼmentəri, Am -əʼment̬ɚi] adj
    elementar, grundlegend;
    they failed to take \elementary precautions sie haben nicht einmal die einfachsten Vorsichtsmaßnahmen getroffen;
    \elementary course Grundkurs m;
    \elementary mathematics die Grundlagen der Mathematik;
    \elementary mistake grober Fehler;
    \elementary science elementare Naturwissenschaften fpl;
    \elementary education (Am) Elementarunterricht m

    English-German students dictionary > elementary

  • 3 fundamental

    adjective
    grundlegend (to für); elementar [Bedürfnisse]; (primary, original) Grund[struktur, -form, -typus]
    * * *
    1. adjective
    (of great importance; essential; basic: Respect for law and order is fundamental to a peaceful society.) grundlegend
    2. noun
    (a basic or essential part of any thing: Learning to read is one of the fundamentals of education.) die Grundlage
    - academic.ru/29886/fundamentally">fundamentally
    * * *
    fun·da·men·tal
    [ˌfʌndəˈmentəl, AM -t̬əl]
    adj grundlegend
    ▪ to be \fundamental to doing sth für etw akk unabdingbar sein
    \fundamental difference wesentlicher Unterschied
    to be of \fundamental importance to sth für etw akk von zentraler Bedeutung sein
    \fundamental issues Hintergrunddaten pl
    \fundamental need/principle/right Grundbedürfnis nt/-prinzip nt/-recht nt
    \fundamental problem grundsätzliches [o grundlegendes] Problem
    \fundamental question entscheidende Frage
    \fundamental research [or analysis] Grundlagenforschung f
    \fundamental tenet zentraler Lehrsatz
    * * *
    ["fʌndə'mentl]
    1. adj
    1) (= essential) issue, question, concept grundlegend; reason eigentlich; point zentral; feature, part wesentlich

    fundamental principle/right/beliefs — Grundprinzip nt/-recht nt/-überzeugungen pl

    carbon is fundamental to life —

    2) (= basic) problem, difference, contradiction grundsätzlich; (= basic and deep) change, revolution, shift grundlegend, umwälzend; (= elementary) mistake, error, flaw grundlegend, fundamental

    I don't doubt his fundamental goodness — ich zweifle nicht daran, dass er im Grunde ein guter Mensch ist

    his fundamental ignorance of this subject — seine fundamentale Unkenntnis auf diesem Gebiet

    fundamental structure/form — Grundstruktur f/-form f

    3) (MUS) Grund-

    fundamental note/frequency — Grundton m/-frequenz f

    2. pl

    fundamentals (of subject) — Grundbegriffe pl; (of a problem) Grundlagen pl

    to get down to (the) fundamentals — bis zu den Grundlagen vordringen

    * * *
    fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentl]
    A adj (adv → fundamentally)
    1. als Grundlage dienend, grundlegend, wesentlich, fundamental (to für), Haupt…
    2. grundsätzlich, elementar
    3. Grund…, Fundamental…:
    fundamental bass → B 2 b;
    fundamental colo(u)r Grundfarbe f;
    fundamental data grundlegende Tatsachen;
    fundamental freedoms Grundfreiheiten pl;
    fundamental frequency ELEK Grundfrequenz f;
    fundamental idea Grundbegriff m;
    fundamental law MATH, PHYS Hauptsatz m;
    fundamental particle PHYS Elementarteilchen n;
    fundamental research Grundlagenforschung f;
    fundamental tone → B 2 a;
    fundamental type BIOL Grundform f
    B s
    1. Grundlage f, -prinzip n, -begriff m, pl auch Grundzüge pl, Fundament n
    2. MUS
    a) Grundton m
    b) Fundamentalbass m
    3. PHYS Fundamentaleinheit f
    4. ELEK Grundwelle f
    * * *
    adjective
    grundlegend (to für); elementar [Bedürfnisse]; (primary, original) Grund[struktur, -form, -typus]
    * * *
    adj.
    grundlegend adj.
    grundsätzlich adj.

    English-german dictionary > fundamental

  • 4 Psychoanalysis

       [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)
       Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)
       3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations
       here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)
       Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)
       5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History
       Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)
       6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis
       In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)
       [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]
       1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.
       2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.
       3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)
       Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)
       Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)
       The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis

См. также в других словарях:

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